Repetition appears everywhere in programming. We process lists. We retry operations. We examine data item by item. Writing the same instructions again and again would be painful. Loops solve that problem. They allow a section of code to run multiple…
Programs rarely run in a straight line. Real software reacts to situations. It checks conditions and chooses different paths. Conditional statements allow that flexibility. They let code answer simple questions like “Is this true?” or “Which case applies?” Without them,…
Every program works with data. Numbers, text, flags, configuration values. To reuse that data, we need a place to store it. Programming languages give us two main tools for storage. Variables and constants. They look similar at first. Yet they…